Clinical Microbiology: Open Access

Note on Genetics Molecular Basis for Inheritance

Pars Badie^* Department of Microbiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
^*Correspondence: Pars Badie, Department of Microbiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Email:

Received: 06-Dec-2021 Published: 28-Dec-2021

Editorial Note

Genetics is a discipline of dealing with the study of genes, genetic variation, and reproduction in living organisms. Nature vs. nurture is a term used to describe how genetic processes interact with an organism's surroundings and experiences to influence its growth and behavior. Gene transcription can be switched on or off by the intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism. Two genetically identical maize seeds, one grown in a temperate region and the other in an arid climate, are a classic example (lacking sufficient waterfall or rain). Despite the fact that the average height of the two corn stalks is genetically equivalent, the one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate region due to a lack of water and nutrients in its environment.

DNA and chromosomes

Penicillin's Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecular basis for genes. Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T) are the four types of nucleotides that make up DNA. The sequence of these nucleotides contains genetic information, and genes are sequence lengths throughout the DNA chain. Viruses are the lone exception to this rule, as they occasionally employ the highly similar chemical RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Viruses are not considered living entities since they cannot replicate without a host and are unaffected by many genetic processes.

DNA is generally a double-stranded molecule that coils into a double helix form. Each nucleotide in DNA preferentially bonds with its opposite-strand companion nucleotide: The letter A is paired with the letter T, and the letter C is paired with the letter G. As a result, each strand in its two-stranded form effectively includes all required information, which is redundant with its partner strand. The physical basis for inheritance is the structure of DNA such like, by dividing the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new companion strand, DNA replication repeats the genetic information.

Genes are organized in lengthy chains of DNA base-pair sequences in a linear fashion. Each cell of bacteria normally has a single circular genophore, whereas eukaryotic species (such as plants and mammals) have numerous linear chromosomes. The largest human chromosome is made up of these DNA strands, which are typically exceedingly lengthy. The DNA of a chromosome is linked to structural proteins that organize, condense, and limit access to the DNA, forming chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is normally made up of nucleosomes, DNA segments looped around histone protein cores. The genome is a complete set of genetic material that makes up an organism. Although most DNA is found in the nucleus of cells, Ruth Sager was instrumental in the identification of nonchromosomal genes outside of the nucleus. These can be found in the chloroplasts of plants and the mitochondria of other species. These non-chromosomal genes govern a variety of genetic features that replicate and remain active throughout generations, and they can be passed on by either partner in sexual reproduction. Many animals have so-called sex chromosomes, which define each organism's gender. The Y chromosome includes the gene that causes the development of masculine traits in humans and many other animals. This chromosome has lost most of its content, as well as most of its genes, during evolution, although the X chromosome is identical to the other chromosomes and has numerous genes.