Clinical Microbiology: Open Access

Management Techniques, Difficulties and Limitations of Arboviruses

Mozsary Butler^* Department of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
^*Correspondence: Mozsary Butler, Department of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, USA, Email:

Received: 02-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. CMO-23-19934; Editor assigned: 06-Jan-2023, Pre QC No. CMO-23-19934(PQ); Reviewed: 20-Jan-2023, QC No. CMO-23-19934; Revised: 25-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. CMO-23-19934(R); Published: 03-Feb-2023, DOI: 10.35248/2327-5073.23.12.327

Description

Yellow fever virus and dengue virus were two arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that initially appeared in the New World between the 16^th to 19^th centuries as a result of the trade of slaves from Africa to the Americas. Since then, numerous additional arboviruses have broken free from their sylvatic reservoirs and spread around the world as a result of changing anthropological behaviour, commercial transportation, and landremediation. In this section, we list several traits of these incredibly diverse arboviruses, such as the range of life cycles they have evolved and the methods by which they have adapted to changing environmental conditions and host availability. We provide recent instances of virus emergence to demonstrate how arboviruses have taken advantage of the effects of contemporary human behaviour.

We also make an effort to illustrate some of the difficulties encountered when creating control measures to lessen the impact of upcoming new arbovirus infections using our existing understanding of these viruses. In order to provide internationally regarded standards for enhancing new arbovirus disease control methods, we submit recommendations for development by an international panel of experts reporting directly to the World Health Organization.

If these goals are accomplished, it should lessen the suffering and expenses incurred in recent decades when arboviruses emerged from their sylvatic environment. We still have to worry about viral infections that prey on shifting anthropological behavioural patterns, despite the declaration of the successful eradication of smallpox in 1979, the discovery of the last instance of rinderpest in 2008, and the ongoing battles to eradicate poliomyelitis and measles. These include the usage of intravenous drugs, the unrestricted sale of domestic and wild animals, the growth of human population densities and mobility, and the dispersal of cattle, arthropods, and commercial items through the development of new transportation infrastructure.

The World Health Organization came to the conclusion that AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical illnesses will continue to be problems for quite some time. It makes sense that the huge numbers of fatalities among humans reported during the most recent outbreaks of Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome have garnered a lot of media attention. However, despite being regarded as neglected diseases, other other RNA viruses have emerged, reemerged, and spread around the world. Three of the many neglected human dangerous arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that cause more morbidity and mortality than Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome combined are the Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), West Nile Virus (WNV), and Dengue Virus (DENV).

For instance, DENV causes between 300 and 400 million cases of dengue fever and hemorrhagic fever each year, of which an estimated 22,000 people pass away. Additionally, in the New World, According to the Pan American Health Organization/ World Health Organization, CHIKV caused more than a million instances of chikungunya fever, with long-lasting chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and persistent arthralgia among its aftereffects. The number of recorded cases in Polynesia hit 40 000 within two months after introduction, and it is currently estimated that there are close to 200000 cases there. It is concerning that the rapid spread and epidemicity of the CHIKV (as well as the DENV or Zika virus in Oceania) is already endangering areas of Europe and Asia through infected travellers returning from these newly endemic regions. This is a trend that worries me more and more.

For instance, 1492 probable cases of dengue or chikungunya fever were reported in France between May 1 and November 30, 2014. As a result, the focus of this analysis is on the potential emergence or reemergence of arboviruses, as well as the needs and restrictions associated with doing so. During the virus's life cycle, arboviruses spread from arthropods (such as mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, and other bugs) to vertebrates. Numerous arboviruses are zoonotic, or spread from animals to people. No documented cases of anthroponosis the transfer of arboviruses from humans to animals have been found as far as we are aware. The name "arbovirus" refers to a virus that needs a vector to transmit itself; it is not a taxonomic indicator.

Arboviruses can cause illnesses in humans and animals that range from sub-clinical or mild to febrile to encephalitic or hemorrhagic with a high percentage of mortality. Arthropods infected with arboviruses, in contrast, do not exhibit any observable symptoms of illness, even though the virus may live inside the arthropod for the rest of its life. 535 species from 14 different virus families were listed in the International Catalogue of Arboviruses as of 1992. However, since improvements in virus isolation techniques and sequencing techniques have an impact on virus studies, this number is continuously rising. Despite the fact that many arboviruses currently in existence do not appear to be human or animal pathogens, this massive collection of extremely diverse and adaptable arboviruses offers a vast resource for the development of novel pathogens in the future.