Journal of Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacoproteomics

Single Cell Technologies and Molecular Signal Transduction in Multiple Myeloma

Nadir Marie^* Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Katholieke Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
^*Correspondence: Nadir Marie, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Katholieke Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Email:

Received: 01-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. JPP-22-18275; Editor assigned: 05-Sep-2022, Pre QC No. JPP-22-18275 (PQ); Reviewed: 19-Sep-2022, QC No. JPP-22-18275; Revised: 26-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. JPP-22-18275 (R); Published: 03-Oct-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2153-0645.22.13.024

Description

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an aggressive cancer with a rising incidence globally that is characterised by malignancy of the plasma cells. B and T type of cells (lymphocytes) present in the blood, gut, bone marrow, etc. play a significant role in human biology by contributing to the immune system. These lymphocytes react to an infection and develop into plasma cells, which are in charge of producing antibodies that aid the body in a healthy person's fight against cancerous cells and pathogens. The disorder known as Multiple Myeloma (MM) is characterised by the malignant transformation of healthy plasma cells, which causes significant morbidity and mortality. While there is no cure for MM, with increasing knowledge of the condition and the development of new medications, the prognosis for MM has changed from untreatable to treatable.

The range of available treatment options has increased as a result of recent technological developments in immunotherapy. Patients have undergone testing for a number of constrained by limited treatments, including those that target TIGIT. LAG3/ GAL-3, Tim-3 and PD-L1. Interestingly, CTLA-4 polymorphisms were linked to varied outcomes in MM patients treated with bortezomib-based treatments. In recent years, CAR T-cells have become a cutting-edge treatment option for haematological malignancies. Recently, 25 patients with refractory/relapse MM participated in a Phase 1 trial.

Single cell technologies and multiple myeloma it is recognised that the tumour microenvironment in a variety of malignancies exhibits cell-to-cell variability in important biomolecules and bioenergetics (metabolic reprogramming). Understanding the formation of a cancer cell as a biological system, its homeostatic regulation, and its response to external perturbations requires dissecting this cellular heterogeneity within the cancer milieu, especially in malignant tumors like MM. In MM subpopulations, clonal evolution and functional heterogeneity are known to occur and are important prognostic factors. Single cell suspensions must be made as soon as a patient's sample is taken in the ideal clinical situation. Often, the physicians and researchers are unable to evaluate the recently collected samples due to logistical limitations of experimental designs the overall outcomes of a scRNA seq analysis can change as a result of such delays.

Recently, it was shown that single-cell investigations can provide insight into the phenotypic and mutational features of individual cells in the immune microenvironment, and bone marrow tumor, thus, lending opportunities for precision medicine in MM. Employed bone marrow samples taken from 18 MM patients and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to show the heterogeneity of MM as well as intra-tumor heterogeneity, with myeloma cells being dominated by a main clone. It's interesting to note that a functional test has been created to examine the sensitivity of individual MM cells to different standard-of-care medications based on measurements of the mass accumulation rate of the cells, acting as a predictor of treatment response in MM reported deep profiling of immune cells of MM patients at single cell resolution using mass cytometry by Time-of- Flight (CyTOF) which enabled the simultaneous quantification of over forty markers in MM.

Overall, single cell technologies have shown considerable promise in exposing cellular heterogeneity, in analysing disease pathogenesis and stratification/progression, and in identifying therapeutic response predictions. Single cell technologies are becoming increasingly significant when it comes to MM since they will help us comprehend clonal diversity and cellular heterogeneity better and develop better treatment interventions for treating the condition.