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Research Article - (2013) Volume 0, Issue 0
Roles of miRNAs in Early Embryonic Development of Drosophila melanogaster
*Corresponding Author: Shigeru Takasaki, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino Itakura-machi, Ora-gun Gunma 374-0193, Japan, Tel: +81-276-82-9024, Fax: +81-276-82-9033 Email:
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~24 nucleotides) noncoding RNA molecules thought to play an important role in regulating gene expression. Although knowledge of the biological functions of most miRNAs is still limited, miRNAs are thought to regulate the gene expressions in embryo development. Since cis-regulatory elements regulate the gene expression in the early embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster, this paper analyzes the relations between the nucleotide sequences of D. melanogaster miRNAs and cis-regulatory elements bcd, hb, eve, Kr, and gt genes. Finding from consensus sequences that individual miRNAs are closely related to the 5’ upstream regions of these genes, the paper proposes that miRNA mediates inquiries and responses in regulatory interactions between genes. This paper also analyzes the relations between the frequency probabilities of miRNA consensus sequences and random sequences in the 5’ upstream regions of the target genes and shows that the probabilities of consistencies between individual miRNAs and 5’ upstream regions are greater than those expected for same-length sequences with random nucleotide frequencies. These results thus imply that some miRNAs are closely related to the 5’ upstream regions of certain genes and play important roles in the regulation of gene expression during the embryonic development of D. melanogaster.
Keywords: MicroRNAs; Gene expression; Cis-regulatory elements; Embryo development; Gene regulation; Drosophila melanogaster
Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~24 nucleotides) noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by basepairing to mRNAs [1-4]. Many miRNAs have recently been identified in various multicellular organisms and are evolutionally conserved. The knowledge of biological functions of most miRNAs is still limited, but these molecules are expected to regulate the gene expression at various biological stages. They are thought, for example, to play an important role in embryo development. The miRNA lin-4 first identified in the nematode Caenorhabdis elegans regulates the lin-14 genes and as a result controls the developmental timing. Another miRNA, let-7, is also involved in developmental timing in C. elegans [5,6]. Although many animal miRNAs are known, the biological functions of only a few are understood [7-17].
Important roles in gene expression are also played by cisregulatory elements. In the early embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster, for example, the expression of the hunchback (hb) gene is regulated by bicoid protein (Bcd) cis-regulatory elements [18-20]. The detailed molecular mechanisms of cis-regulatory elements, however, are still unknown [21-26].
Although miRNAs and cis-regulatory elements have been thought to have different binding regions in the target mRNAs—those for miRNAs are in the 3’ untranslated regions (3’ UTRs), whereas those for cis-regulatory elements are in the promoter regions [27] from the viewpoint of gene regulation there is no clear reason for their binding to these regions. As the cis-regulatory elements and miRNAs can be considered trans-acting factors [28], miRNAs might also be able to regulate gene expression by binding to promoter regions of target genes. This paper therefore analyzes the relations between miRNAs and cis-regulatory elements by examining gene expressions in the early embryonic development of D. melanogaster—especially the relations between miRNAs and bcd, hb, even-skipped (eve), Krüppel (Kr), and giant (gt)- and obtains consensus sequences indicating that individual miRNAs are closely related to the 5’ upstream regions of these genes.
The paper therefore proposes that miRNAs mediate inquiry/ response regulations between genes. For example, miRNAs might help cis-regulatory elements bind to the 5’ upstream region of the gene hb by carrying inquiries and responses between the genes bcd and hb. Such roles can be supported by the miRNA consensus sequences in the 5’ upstream regions of the target genes. The paper also analyzes the relations between the frequency probabilities of the miRNA consensus sequences and random sequences in the 5’ upstream regions of the target genes. The results indicate that the probabilities of consistencies between individual miRNAs and the 5’ upstream regions of target genes are greater than would be expected for same-length sequences with random nucleotide frequencies. This implies that some miRNAs are closely related to the 5’ upstream regions of certain genes and help regulate gene expression in the embryonic development of D. melanogaster.
Materials and Methods
miRBase
The following analysis used miRBase, which provides integrated interfaces to comprehensive microRNA sequence data, annotations and predicted gene targets [29,30]. It was used for searching target miRNAs of individual genes and for searching target genes of individual miRNAs. It was also used for searching sequences of individual miRNAs.
RSAT
Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools (RSAT) provides a series of molecular computer programs designed for detecting regulatory signals in noncoding sequences [31]. The following analysis used RSAT to search individual miRNAs and the 5’ upstream regions of the related genes for consensus sequences.
Drosophila DNase I footprint database
Drosophila DNase I footprint database provides a systematic annotation of transcription factor binding sites in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster [32]. It was used to search cis-regulatory sequences for the genes of D. melanogaster.
Results and Discussion
Relations between cis-regulatory elements and individual miRNAs for bcd and hb
Driever and Nusslen Volhard [18] reported that hb gene expression was activated by the binding of bcd protein (Bcd) to the 5’ noncoding region upstream of the gene hb as shown in Figure 1. They found that hb gene expression was activated when the concentration of Bcd bound to hb became higher than a threshold level. The consensus sequences of the Bcd cis-regulatory element were reported to be “TCTAATCCC” or “CGTAATCCC” [18-20]. As the hb gene expression is activated when a sufficient amount of Bcd is bound to the hb 5’ noncoding region, this cis-regulatory element plays an important role in the development of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.
Figure 1: Bcd binding sites in the 5’ upstream region of the gene hb.
The miRNAs of genes bcd and hb can be obtained from miRBase (Materials and Methods). For simplicity, they are expressed as the cDNA sequences (5’ to 3’) listed in Table 1. Although miRNAs have generally been thought to regulate post-transcriptional gene activity by binding to specific sequences in the 3’ UTRs of target mRNAs, other possible binding regions should be considered. As cis-regulatory elements bound to 5’ upstream regions (promoters) of target genes regulate the gene expression, the 5’ noncoding regions can be considered areas important for gene regulations. If miRNAs of the gene bcd were related to the regulation of the expression of the gene hb, they might be expected to bind to the 5’ noncoding regions of the hb gene. Conversely, if miRNAs of the gene hb were bound to the 5’ noncoding regions of the gene bcd, they might control the bcd. That is, if these miRNAs were bound to the promoters of both genes, they could be play roles in the regulations of both genes.
| sequence (cDNA 5' to 3') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gene | miRNA | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| bcd | dme-miR-79 | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | A | C | C | A | A | A | G | C | A | T | ||
| dme-miR-4 | A | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | C | A | A | C | C | A | T | T | G | A | ||||
| dme-miR-286 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | C | C | G | A | A | C | A | C | T | C | G | T | G | C | T | ||
| dme-miR-279 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | T | C | C | A | C | A | C | T | C | A | T | T | A | A | |||
| dme-miR-996 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | T | C | A | T | G | C | T | C | G | T | C | T | |||
| dme-miR-999 | T | G | T | T | A | A | C | T | G | T | A | A | G | A | C | T | G | T | G | T | C | T | |||
| dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| dme-miR-1000 | A | T | A | T | T | G | T | C | C | T | G | T | C | A | C | A | G | C | A | G | T | ||||
| dme-miR-283 | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | C | T | G | G | T | A | A | T | T | C | T | ||||
| dme-miR-989 | T | G | T | G | A | T | G | T | G | A | C | G | T | A | G | T | G | G | A | A | C | ||||
| dme-miR-1017 | G | A | A | A | G | C | T | C | T | A | C | C | C | A | A | A | C | T | C | A | T | C | C | ||
| hb | dme-miR-989 | T | G | T | G | A | T | G | T | G | A | C | G | T | A | G | T | G | G | A | A | C | |||
| dme-miR-963 | A | C | A | A | G | G | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | T | T | T | C | |
| dme-miR-927 | T | T | T | A | G | A | A | T | T | C | C | T | A | C | G | C | T | T | T | A | C | C | |||
| dme-miR-8 | T | A | A | T | A | C | T | G | T | C | A | G | G | T | A | A | A | G | A | T | G | T | C | ||
| dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| dme-miR-976 | T | T | G | G | A | T | T | A | G | T | T | A | T | C | A | T | C | A | A | T | G | C | |||
| eve | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | ||
| Kr | dme-miR-277 | T | A | A | A | T | G | C | A | C | T | A | T | C | T | G | G | T | A | C | G | A | C | A | |
| dme-miR-274 | T | T | T | T | G | T | G | A | C | C | G | A | C | A | C | T | A | A | C | G | G | G | T | A | |
| dme-miR-305 | A | T | T | G | T | A | C | T | T | C | A | T | C | A | G | G | T | G | C | T | C | T | G | ||
| dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| dme-miR-962 | A | T | A | A | G | G | T | A | G | A | G | A | A | A | T | T | G | A | T | G | C | T | G | T | |
| dme-miR-263b | C | T | T | G | G | C | A | C | T | G | G | G | A | G | A | A | T | T | C | A | C | ||||
| dme-miR-316 | T | G | T | C | T | T | T | T | T | C | C | G | C | T | T | A | C | T | G | G | C | G | |||
| dme-miR-1011 | T | T | A | T | T | G | G | T | T | C | A | A | A | T | C | G | C | T | C | G | C | A | G | ||
| dme-miR-283 | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | C | T | G | G | T | A | A | T | T | C | T | ||||
| gt | dme-miR-iab-4-5p | A | C | G | T | A | T | A | C | T | G | A | A | T | G | T | A | T | C | C | T | G | A | ||
| dme-miR-999 | T | G | T | T | A | A | C | T | G | T | A | A | G | A | C | T | G | T | G | T | C | T | |||
| dme-miR-1014 | A | A | A | A | T | T | C | A | T | T | T | T | C | A | T | T | T | G | C | A | G | ||||
| dme-miR-1006 | T | A | A | A | T | T | C | G | A | T | T | T | C | T | T | A | T | T | C | A | T | A | G | ||
| dme-miR-10-3p | C | A | A | A | T | T | C | G | G | T | T | T | C | T | A | G | A | G | A | G | G | T | T | T | |
Table 1: Relations between individual genes and their miRNAs.
One way to evaluate this possibility is to search the miRNAs and the 5’ upstream regions of both genes for consensus sequences. These sequences can be obtained by using RSAT (see Materials and Methods) and are listed in Tables 2a and 2b. It is clear from Table 2a that there are many sequences common to the miRNAs of the bcd gene and the 5’ upstream regions of the hb gene. The sequence “AAAGCT” of dme-miR-79, for example, is consistent with the sequence from −4333 to −4328 of the 5’ upstream region of hb. Similarly, the sequence “TGTTAACT” of dme-miR-999 is consistent with the sequence from −4308 to −4315 of the 5’ upstream region of hb.
| gene | miRNA/5'region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| bcd | dme-miR-79 | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | A | C | C | A | A | A | G | C | A | T | |||
| hb | 5'(-4333)F | C | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | G | C | C | C | A | A | A | T | T | A | A | G | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| 5'(-3078)F | A | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | C | C | G | C | G | G | A | T | A | A | A | C | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| 5'(-4326)R | C | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | G | C | C | A | C | A | A | T | T | A | G | C | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| 5'(-3071)R | G | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | T | G | C | G | A | A | T | T | T | C | T | A | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-4 | A | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | C | A | A | C | C | A | T | T | G | A | ||||
| hb | 5'(-4284)F | T | T | A | A | A | G | C | A | A | C | A | A | G | G | A | A | T | C | T | C | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-286 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | C | C | G | A | A | C | A | C | T | C | G | T | G | C | T | ||
| hb | 5'(-1576)F | C | G | A | C | T | A | G | C | A | C | A | T | G | T | T | T | A | G | T | T | T | A | C | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-279 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | T | C | C | A | C | A | C | T | C | A | T | T | A | A | |||
| hb | 5'(-1576)F | C | G | A | C | T | A | G | C | A | C | A | T | G | T | T | T | A | G | T | T | T | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-996 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | T | C | A | T | G | C | T | C | G | T | C | T | |||
| hb | 5'(-1576)F | C | G | A | C | T | A | G | C | A | C | A | T | G | T | T | T | A | G | T | T | T | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-999 | T | G | T | T | A | A | C | T | G | T | A | A | G | A | C | T | G | T | G | T | G | T | C | T | |
| hb | 5'(-4308)R | T | G | T | T | A | A | C | T | T | A | A | T | T | T | G | G | G | C | A | A | A | G | C | T | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| hb | 5'(-961)R | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | T | G | C | G | T | A | G | T | T | T | T | T | C | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-3557)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | G | C | A | G | T | T | A | C | G | T | T | T | C | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-1000 | A | T | A | T | T | G | T | C | C | T | G | T | C | A | C | A | G | C | A | G | T | ||||
| hb | 5'(-4657)F | G | T | A | T | T | G | T | A | T | A | G | A | G | A | A | A | A | A | A | G | G | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1192)F | G | T | A | T | T | G | T | A | G | A | T | A | T | T | T | T | A | G | C | T | G | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-296)F | A | T | A | T | T | G | T | T | A | G | C | C | A | T | T | A | C | C | A | A | G | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-2533)R | A | T | A | T | T | G | T | T | T | T | A | G | A | A | T | T | T | T | T | G | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-283 | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | C | T | G | G | T | A | A | T | T | C | T | ||||
| hb | 5'(-4897)F | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | G | C | T | T | T | T | A | C | A | T | T | T | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-4820)F | A | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | C | G | A | C | A | T | A | A | A | C | A | G | G | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-4788)F | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | C | C | A | C | A | T | A | A | A | C | A | G | G | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-3555)F | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | G | C | A | T | T | A | A | A | T | A | C | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-2134)F | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | A | A | T | G | A | A | T | A | C | A | C | C | T | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1948)F | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | G | C | A | C | A | T | A | T | A | T | A | C | G | G | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1283)F | A | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | C | A | C | A | A | A | A | G | C | G | A | A | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1258)F | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | G | C | T | A | A | G | C | T | T | C | A | T | T | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1019)F | A | A | A | A | T | A | T | A | G | G | C | A | A | C | A | A | G | C | A | A | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-2531)R | A | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | G | T | T | T | T | A | G | A | A | T | T | T | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1917)R | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | A | T | C | C | C | G | T | A | T | A | A | T | A | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1767)R | A | A | A | A | T | A | T | A | T | G | T | A | T | G | T | A | T | G | C | G | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1630)R | A | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | T | G | A | A | A | A | T | G | G | C | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1179)R | A | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | T | A | C | A | A | T | A | C | T | T | A | G | G | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-1092)R | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | A | T | T | A | A | T | T | T | C | G | C | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-989 | T | G | T | G | A | T | G | T | G | A | C | G | T | A | G | T | G | G | A | A | C | ||||
| hb | 5'(-2869)F | T | G | T | G | A | T | A | T | A | C | T | T | T | C | A | A | A | A | G | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-1017 | G | A | A | A | G | C | T | C | T | A | C | C | C | A | A | A | C | T | C | A | T | C | C | ||
| hb | 5'(-4333)F | C | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | G | C | C | C | A | A | A | T | T | A | A | G | T | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-3078)F | A | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | C | C | G | C | G | G | A | T | A | A | A | C | A | A | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-4326)R | C | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | G | C | C | A | C | A | A | T | T | A | G | C | A | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-3070)R | G | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | T | G | C | G | C | A | A | T | T | T | C | T | A | C | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-79 | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | A | C | C | A | A | A | G | C | A | T | |||
| hb | 5'(-4333)F | C | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | G | C | C | C | A | A | A | T | T | A | A | G | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-3078)F | A | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | C | C | G | C | G | G | A | T | A | A | A | C | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-4326)R | C | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | G | C | C | A | C | A | A | T | T | A | G | C | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5'(-3070)R | G | A | A | A | G | C | T | T | T | T | G | C | G | C | A | A | T | T | T | C | T | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 2a: Relations between the miRNAs of bcd and the 5’ upstream region of h.
| gene | miRNA/5'region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| hb | dme-miR-989 | T | G | T | G | A | T | G | T | G | A | C | G | T | A | G | T | G | G | A | A | C | ||||
| bcd | 5'(-3194)F | T | G | T | G | A | T | T | T | A | T | G | G | C | A | T | G | G | C | G | C | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-3632)R | G | G | T | G | A | T | A | A | G | A | T | C | C | T | A | A | A | A | C | G | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-2445)R | T | G | T | G | A | T | T | T | A | A | A | T | T | T | T | C | C | A | G | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-963 | A | C | A | A | G | G | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | T | T | T | C | |
| bcd | 5'(-3005)F | A | C | A | A | G | G | C | A | T | T | G | G | G | A | T | G | G | A | A | C | T | T | G | A | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-2191)R | A | C | A | A | G | G | A | G | A | G | C | C | G | T | C | A | G | T | G | A | T | T | T | A | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-1471)R | C | C | A | A | G | G | A | T | A | C | A | C | A | C | A | A | A | G | G | T | A | C | A | G | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-1261)R | G | C | A | A | G | G | C | C | T | T | A | A | G | T | G | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | T | T | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-927 | T | T | T | A | G | A | A | T | T | C | C | T | A | C | G | C | T | T | T | A | C | C | |||
| bcd | 5'(-487)F | T | T | T | A | G | A | A | C | A | T | T | C | A | C | C | T | T | T | T | G | T | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-1646)R | T | T | T | A | G | A | A | A | T | T | T | A | T | T | C | A | A | A | A | A | C | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-989)R | A | T | T | A | G | A | A | G | A | A | T | A | A | A | A | G | G | T | A | A | C | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-8 | T | A | A | T | A | C | T | G | T | C | A | G | G | T | A | A | A | G | A | T | G | T | C | ||
| bcd | 5'(-3597)R | A | A | A | T | A | C | T | G | T | G | A | A | G | G | C | G | A | C | A | A | T | G | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-2925)R | G | A | A | T | A | C | T | G | C | T | C | T | T | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | C | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| bcd | 5'(-2698)F | G | T | T | T | G | A | T | G | T | G | C | A | A | A | A | T | T | T | C | A | C | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-976 | T | T | G | G | A | T | T | A | G | T | T | A | T | C | A | T | C | A | A | T | G | C | |||
| bcd | 5'(-3645)F | T | T | G | G | A | T | C | T | T | A | T | C | A | C | C | C | C | T | C | G | G | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-2760)F | C | T | G | G | A | T | C | T | C | G | A | T | C | A | A | T | T | A | G | T | T | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5'(-2140)F | T | T | G | G | A | T | G | C | A | G | G | T | T | C | A | G | G | T | C | C | T | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
Table 2(b): Relations between the miRNAs of hb and the 5’ upstream region of bcd.
The relations between the miRNAs of the hb gene and the 5’ upstream region of the bcd gene are listed in Table 2b, where it is clear that there also are many sequences common to these miRNAs and the 5’ upstream region of this gene. They are, for example, “TGTGAT” (miR- 989: −3194 to −3189 and −2445 to −2450), “ACAAGG” (miR-963: −3005 to −3000 and −2191 to −2196), “TTTAGAA” (miR-miR-927: −487 to −481 and −1646 to −1652) and “AATACTGT” (miR-8: −3597 to −3604).
The relations between the cis-regulatory elements of Bcd and the miRNAs of the bcd and hb genes are shown in Figure 2. The expression of the gene hb is well known to be regulated by Bcd cis-regulatory elements, and the consensus sequences of the miRNAs of the bcd and hb genes might also be related to the regulation of hb expression.
Figure 2: Relations between cis-regulatory elements and individual miRNAs for bcd and hb (bcd-related and hb-related miRNAs from Table 1).
Since there are many bcd miRNAs with sequences occurring in hb and there are many hb miRNAs with sequences occurring in bcd, these miRNAs might play roles in the regulation of both genes. One hypothetical regulatory sequence is shown in Figure 3. To bind the Bcd cis-regulatory elements to the 5’ upstream regions of the gene hb, it might be necessary for one gene to inquire about the status of the other and for both to respond to these inquiries. The miRNAs of both genes might mediate these inquiries and responses. The following is a hypothetical regulatory sequence involving interaction between bcd and hb:
Figure 3: Regulatory sequences involved in the interaction between bcd and hb.
(a): bcd inquires whether it is possible to bind Bcd to the 5’ upstream region of hb.
(b): hb responds that the Bcd binding to its 5’ upstream region is possible.
(c): Bcd is supplied to the 5’ upstream region of hb.
(d): hb responds that Bcd has started binding to the 5’ upstream region.
(e): bcd continues to supply Bcd to the 5’ upstream region of hb.
(f): hb responds that Bcd binding has been completed.
(g): bcd stops supplying Bcd to hb.
1. Some miRNA of bcd (dmegene miR-79/4/286/279/996/999/315/1000/283/989/1017) inquires whether hb is ready to receive the protein Bcd.
2. After receiving the bcd inquiry of these miRNAs, hb responds that it is ready to receive Bcd. This response is carried by some miRNA of hb (dme-miR-989/963/927/8/315/976).
3. Upon receiving the response of hb, bcd starts supplying Bcd to the 5’ upstream region of hb.
4. When hb recognizes that Bcd is bound to its 5’ upstream region, it uses some miRNA (dme-miR-989/963/927/8/315/976) to respond that Bcd binding has started.
5. After receiving the start response of hb, bcd continues to supply Bcd to the 5’ upstream region of hb.
6. When hb has bound a sufficient amount of Bcd, it uses dmemiR- 989/963/927/8/315/976 to send the completed-binding signal to bcd.
7. After receiving the complete signal from hb, bcd stops supplying Bcd and uses dmemiR- 79/4/286/279/996/999/315/1000/283/989/1017 to signal hb that it has stopped the supply.
Relations between cis-regulatory elements and individual miRNAs for eve, bcd, hb, Kr, and gt
Pair-rule genes of D. melanogaster are expressed in stripes, with a periodicity corresponding to alternate parasegments. Some pairrule genes (e.g. even-skipped) define odd-numbered parasegments, whereas others (e.g. fushitarazu) define even-numbered parasegments. Each pair-rule gene is expressed in seven stripes, each of which is only a few cells wide. One of the best-studied primary pair-rule genes is even-skipped (eve). As eve stripe 2 has been shown to be controlled by a 500-bp region that is activated by low concentrations of Bicoid and Hunchback proteins and is repressed by Giant and Krüppel proteins [23,24], the relations between cis-regulatory elements and individual miRNAs of these genes were also examined. This stripe contains five binding sites for Bicoid, one site for Hunchback, three sites for Krüppel, and three sites for Giant. Cis-regulatory sequences for these genes (Table 3) were obtained from the Drosophila DNase I footprint database (Materials and Methods). The activators and repressors of the eve stripe 2 are shown in Figure 4. The miRNAs of these genes (Table 1) were obtained from miRBase [29,30]. Relations between individual miRNAs and 5’ upstream regions of these genes were also obtained by using RSAT [31]. Sequence coincidences between individual miRNAs and 5’ upstream regions for these genes are listed in Tables 4a and 4h.
Figure 4: Repressors and activators of eve stripe 2. “autoreg” is an autoregulatory element required for the refinement and maintenance of the eve expression pattern during gastrulation and germ band elongation.
| gene | function | start | end | sequences |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bcd-1 | A | -1091 | -1081 |
G A A G G G A T T A G |
| bcd-2 | A | -1199 | -1191 | |
| bcd-3 | A | -1292 | -1284 | |
| bcd-4 | A | -1442 | -1434 | |
| bcd-5 | A | -1463 | -1455 | |
| hb-3 | A | -1106 | -1097 | |
| Kr-3 | R | -1091 | -1081 | |
| Kr-4 | R | -1275 | -1266 | |
| Kr-5 | R | -1462 | -1453 | |
| gt-1 | R | -1112 | -1090 | |
| gt-2 | R | -1380 | -1336 | |
| gt-3 | R | -1443 | -1418 |
A: activator, R: repressor
Table 3: Repressors and activators of eve stripe 2
The seven or eight nucleotide length consensus sequences for dme-miR-4, dme-miR-286/279/996, dme-miR-315, dme-miR-1000, and dme-miR-283 of bcd and the 5’ upstream region of eve are respectively “ATAAAGC”, “TGACTAGA”, “TTTGATT”, “TATTGTCC” and “AAATATCA” (Table 4a). Similarly, the sequences common to dme-miR-315 of eve and the 5’ upstream region of bcd is “TTTTGA” (Table 4(b)). These miRNAs might mediate inquiries and responses in the regulation of bcd and hb. In both hb and eve genes, dmemiR- 989/963/8/315/976 and dme-miR-315 might play regulatory roles by binding the common sequences listed in Tables 4c and 4d. Similarly, dme-miR-277/274/305/315/263b/316/1011/283 and dme-miR-315 might play roles in the regulation of Kr and eve by binding the common sequences listed in Tables 4e and 4f, and dme-miR-999/1014/1006/10- 3p and dme-miR-315 might play roles in the regulation of gt and eve by binding the common sequences listed in Tables 4g and 4h. Possible regulatory sequences involved in the interaction between eve and bcd, hb, Kr, and gt are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Regulatory sequences that might be involved in the interaction between eve and bcd, hb, Kr and gt.
| gene | miRNA/5'region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| bcd | dme-miR-79 | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | A | C | C | A | A | A | G | C | A | T | |||
| eve | 5'(-1599)F | A | A | A | A | G | C | T | G | G | C | C | T | G | G | T | T | T | C | T | C | G | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-4 | A | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | C | A | A | C | C | A | T | T | G | A | ||||
| eve | 5'(-2225)F | A | T | A | A | A | G | C | G | G | C | A | A | C | A | A | T | C | G | G | C | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-286 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | C | C | G | A | A | C | A | C | T | C | G | T | G | C | T | ||
| eve | 5'(-4015)F | G | G | A | C | T | A | G | G | A | A | C | T | G | C | A | A | A | C | T | A | G | C | A | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-2900)F | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | A | A | G | T | C | T | T | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-1141)F | G | G | A | C | T | A | G | C | G | A | A | C | T | G | G | G | T | T | A | T | T | T | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-279 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | T | C | C | A | C | A | C | T | C | A | T | T | A | A | |||
| eve | 5'(-4015)F | G | G | A | C | T | A | G | G | A | A | C | T | G | C | A | A | A | C | T | A | G | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-2900)F | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | A | A | G | T | C | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-1141)F | G | G | A | C | T | A | G | C | G | A | A | C | T | G | G | G | T | T | A | T | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-996 | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | T | C | A | T | G | C | T | C | G | T | C | T | |||
| eve | 5'(-4015)F | G | G | A | C | T | A | G | G | A | A | C | T | G | C | A | A | A | C | T | A | G | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-2900)F | T | G | A | C | T | A | G | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | A | A | G | T | C | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-1141)F | G | G | A | C | T | A | G | C | G | A | A | C | T | G | G | G | T | T | A | T | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-999 | T | G | T | T | A | A | C | T | G | T | A | A | G | A | C | T | G | T | G | T | G | T | C | T | |
| eve | 5'(-1567)F | T | G | T | T | A | A | T | C | C | G | T | T | T | G | C | C | A | T | C | A | G | C | G | A | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-699)F | T | G | T | T | A | A | A | C | G | T | G | C | G | G | C | A | T | A | A | T | A | T | T | A | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| eve | 5'(-4983)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | C | G | T | A | C | G | A | A | G | T | T | T | C | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-4610)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | A | T | A | T | T | A | T | C | G | T | A | T | G | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-3001)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | G | A | G | G | A | G | A | T | A | T | T | A | G | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-2884)R | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | T | T | T | C | T | A | G | T | C | A | A | T | T | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-1000 | A | T | A | T | T | G | T | C | C | T | G | T | C | A | C | A | G | C | A | G | T | ||||
| eve | 5'(-4678)R | T | T | A | T | T | G | T | A | C | A | T | G | C | C | T | C | C | T | T | T | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-1906)R | C | T | A | T | T | G | T | C | C | A | C | C | T | C | C | G | C | C | G | G | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-283 | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | C | T | G | G | T | A | A | T | T | C | T | ||||
| eve | 5'(-4650)F | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | G | A | T | A | A | A | A | G | T | A | C | A | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-2893)F | G | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | A | A | G | T | C | T | T | T | T | T | G | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5'(-4558)R | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | A | C | A | C | A | A | A | T | A | C | T | A | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-989 | T | G | T | G | A | T | G | T | G | A | C | G | T | A | G | T | G | G | A | A | C | ||||
| eve | 5'(-16)R | T | G | T | G | A | T | T | C | A | A | A | G | T | T | G | G | C | T | T | A | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-1017 | G | A | A | A | G | C | T | C | T | A | C | C | C | A | A | A | C | T | C | A | T | C | C | ||
| eve | 5'(-1599)F | A | A | A | A | G | C | T | G | G | C | C | T | G | G | T | T | T | C | T | C | G | C | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| bcd | dme-miR-79 | T | A | A | A | G | C | T | A | G | A | T | T | A | C | C | A | A | A | G | C | A | T | |||
| eve | 5'(-1599)F | A | A | A | A | G | C | T | G | G | C | C | T | G | G | T | T | T | C | T | C | G | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(a): Relations between the miRNAs of bcd and the 5’ upstream region of eve.
| gene | miRNA/5’region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| eve | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| bcd | 5’(-1664)F | T | T | T | T | G | A | A | T | A | A | A | T | T | T | C | T | A | A | A | A | T | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| bcd | 5’(-249)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | G | T | A | A | T | T | T | A | A | A | A | A | T | C | A | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(b): Relations between the miRNAs of eve and the 5’ upstream region of bcd.
| gene | miRNA/5’region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| hb | dme-miR-989 | T | G | T | G | A | T | G | T | G | A | C | G | T | A | G | T | G | G | A | A | C | ||||
| eve | 5’(-16)R | T | G | T | G | A | T | T | C | A | A | A | G | T | T | G | G | C | T | T | A | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-963 | A | C | A | A | G | G | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | T | T | T | C | |
| eve | 5’(-3522)F | A | C | A | A | G | G | T | T | A | T | A | A | C | G | C | T | C | T | A | C | T | T | A | C | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-1903)F | G | C | A | A | G | G | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | T | G | T | G | G | G | T | A | G | G | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2943)R | A | C | A | A | G | G | T | A | T | T | T | T | T | T | A | A | C | T | C | C | G | C | C | T | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-8 | T | A | A | T | A | C | T | G | T | C | A | G | G | T | A | A | A | G | A | T | G | T | C | ||
| eve | 5’(-4571)R | A | A | A | T | A | C | T | A | C | T | A | C | A | A | G | A | A | C | A | T | T | A | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2114)R | C | A | A | T | A | C | T | C | A | A | T | C | C | T | C | T | A | T | C | T | T | C | C | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| eve | 5’(-4983)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | C | G | T | A | C | G | A | A | G | T | T | T | C | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4610)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | A | T | A | T | T | A | T | C | G | T | A | T | G | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-3001)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | G | A | G | G | A | G | A | T | A | T | T | A | G | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2884)R | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | T | T | T | C | T | A | G | T | C | A | A | T | T | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| hb | dme-miR-976 | T | T | G | G | A | T | T | A | G | T | T | A | T | C | A | T | C | A | A | T | G | C | |||
| eve | 5’(-3250)F | A | T | G | G | A | T | T | T | G | T | G | T | A | A | G | C | A | T | T | A | A | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4523)R | G | T | G | G | A | T | T | T | T | A | T | T | A | C | C | G | T | T | T | C | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2058)R | T | T | G | G | A | T | T | G | G | C | T | T | G | G | T | T | A | G | G | C | G | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2043)R | T | T | G | G | A | T | T | G | G | G | A | T | G | G | G | T | T | G | A | A | T | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-1270)R | T | T | G | G | A | T | T | C | C | A | A | G | T | C | A | A | G | C | C | C | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(c): Relations between the miRNAs of hb and the 5’ upstream region of eve
| gene | miRNA/5’region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| eve | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| hb | 5’(-961)R | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | T | G | C | G | T | A | G | T | T | T | T | T | C | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| hb | 5’(-3557)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | G | C | A | G | T | T | A | C | G | T | T | T | C | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(d): Relations between the miRNAs of eve and the 5’ upstream region of hb.
| gene | miRNA/5’region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| Kr | dme-miR-277 | T | A | A | A | T | G | C | A | C | T | A | T | C | T | G | G | T | A | C | G | A | C | A | ||
| eve | 5’(-3175)F | T | A | A | A | T | G | C | A | G | C | T | A | A | T | T | C | G | T | C | G | A | T | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2163)F | A | A | A | A | T | G | C | G | A | A | A | G | T | G | T | T | T | G | C | G | G | A | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2329)R | G | A | A | A | T | G | C | C | G | G | C | A | A | A | G | A | T | T | C | G | C | A | A | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| Kr | dme-miR-274 | T | T | T | T | G | T | G | A | C | C | G | A | C | A | C | T | A | A | C | G | G | G | T | A | |
| eve | 5’(-4572)F | A | T | T | T | G | T | G | T | A | A | T | A | T | T | T | A | T | G | T | T | T | T | T | T | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4286)F | T | T | T | T | G | T | G | G | C | C | T | C | T | T | T | T | T | G | T | T | T | C | G | A | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-3843)F | T | T | T | T | G | T | G | C | C | C | G | G | T | G | C | T | C | T | C | T | T | T | A | C | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-3448)F | G | T | T | T | G | T | G | T | T | T | G | T | T | T | G | T | T | C | G | C | G | A | T | G | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-3246)F | A | T | T | T | G | T | G | T | A | A | G | C | A | T | T | A | A | A | A | A | C | G | C | G | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2590)F | T | T | T | T | G | T | G | T | A | A | A | A | A | A | C | T | G | A | A | C | T | G | G | C | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2246)F | C | T | T | T | G | T | G | A | G | T | G | C | A | G | A | A | T | G | T | G | C | A | A | T | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4355)R | C | T | T | T | G | T | G | C | G | G | C | C | C | A | A | T | G | A | T | T | A | G | C | G | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| Kr | dme-miR-305 | A | T | T | G | T | A | C | T | T | C | A | T | C | A | G | G | T | G | C | T | C | T | G | ||
| eve | 5’(-4679)R | A | T | T | G | T | A | C | A | T | G | C | C | T | C | C | T | T | T | A | A | T | C | C | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4632)R | T | T | T | G | T | A | C | T | T | T | T | A | T | C | A | T | A | T | T | T | G | G | A | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| Kr | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| eve | 5’(-4983)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | C | G | T | A | C | G | A | A | G | T | T | T | C | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4610)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | A | T | A | T | T | A | T | C | G | T | A | T | G | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-3001)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | G | A | G | G | A | G | A | T | A | T | T | A | G | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2884)R | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | T | T | T | C | T | A | G | T | C | A | A | T | T | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| Kr | dme-miR-263b | C | T | T | G | G | C | A | C | T | G | G | G | A | G | A | A | T | T | C | A | C | ||||
| eve | 5’(-2682)R | T | T | T | G | G | C | A | A | A | C | C | T | A | T | T | T | C | A | G | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2390)R | A | T | T | G | G | C | A | A | T | A | A | A | A | C | G | G | C | G | A | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-1720)R | A | T | T | G | G | C | A | T | T | A | A | C | T | C | G | C | C | C | G | G | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kr | dme-miR-316 | T | G | T | C | T | T | T | T | T | C | C | G | C | T | T | A | C | T | G | G | C | G | |||
| eve | 5’(-2883)F | A | G | T | C | T | T | T | T | T | G | T | A | T | T | G | A | A | G | C | G | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4396)R | C | G | T | C | T | T | T | T | T | G | G | A | C | G | G | C | C | G | G | G | G | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-1929)R | T | G | T | C | T | T | T | G | A | C | T | C | C | G | T | C | C | G | G | A | G | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| Kr | dme-miR-1011 | T | T | A | T | T | G | G | T | T | C | A | A | A | T | C | G | C | T | C | G | C | A | G | ||
| eve | 5’(-3977)F | T | T | A | T | T | G | G | T | G | C | A | C | C | T | T | C | G | G | C | G | G | A | A | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-3357)F | T | T | A | T | T | G | G | A | A | A | T | T | T | C | A | T | T | G | G | G | T | C | G | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2602)F | T | T | A | T | T | G | G | A | C | C | A | A | T | T | T | T | G | T | G | T | A | A | A | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-1689)R | T | T | A | T | T | G | G | G | T | T | A | T | A | T | T | G | C | G | C | C | C | G | C | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||
| Kr | dme-miR-283 | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | G | C | T | G | G | T | A | A | T | T | C | T | ||||
| eve | 5’(-4650)F | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | G | A | T | A | A | A | A | G | T | A | C | A | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2893)F | G | A | A | A | T | A | T | C | A | A | A | G | T | C | T | T | T | T | T | G | T | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-619)F | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | A | T | A | G | T | G | G | G | A | T | A | C | A | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4558)R | T | A | A | A | T | A | T | T | A | C | A | C | A | A | A | T | A | C | T | A | C | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(e): Relations between the miRNAs of Kr and the 5’ upstream region of eve.
| gene | miRNA/5’region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| eve | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| Kr | 5’(-3608)F | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | A | T | T | T | G | C | A | T | G | T | C | A | C | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-3258)F | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | G | G | G | A | A | A | A | T | G | A | A | T | T | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-2923)F | G | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | C | G | C | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-2913)F | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | C | G | C | G | T | G | C | C | A | T | G | G | G | T | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-2332)F | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | G | A | C | A | A | C | C | C | T | C | G | T | T | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-1998)F | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | C | T | A | T | T | C | T | A | G | T | T | T | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-3081)R | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | C | T | G | A | T | C | T | G | T | A | T | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-2014)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | G | C | A | A | A | G | C | G | A | A | C | T | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| Kr | 5’(-254)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | C | G | A | T | T | A | T | A | T | T | A | C | T | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(f): Relations between the miRNAs of eve and the 5’ upstream region of Kr.
| gene | miRNA/5’region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|
gt |
dme-miR-999 5’(-1567)F |
T T | G G | T T | T T | A A | A A | C T | T C | G C | T G | A T | A T | G T | A G | C C | T C | G A | T T | G C | T A | C G | T | |||
| eve | C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-699)F | T | G | T | T | A | A | A | C | G | T | G | C | G | G | C | A | T | A | T | A | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
|
gt |
dme-miR-1014 | A | A | A | A | T | T | C | A | T | T | T | T | C | A | T | T | T | G | C | A | G | ||||
| eve | 5’(-4657)F | C | A | A | A | T | T | C | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | G | A | T | A | A | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4054)R | G | A | A | A | T | T | C | G | A | G | C | G | G | G | C | A | A | T | A | A | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2765)R | A | A | A | A | T | T | C | T | G | T | T | G | A | C | T | T | G | C | T | T | A | ||||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
|
gt |
dme-miR-1006 | T | A | A | A | T | T | C | G | A | T | T | T | C | T | T | A | T | T | C | A | T | A | G | ||
| eve | 5’(-4657)F | C | A | A | A | T | T | C | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | G | A | T | A | A | A | A | G | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4054)R | G | A | A | A | T | T | C | G | A | G | C | G | G | G | C | A | A | T | A | A | A | C | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2766)R | A | A | A | A | T | T | C | T | G | T | T | G | A | C | T | T | G | C | T | T | A | A | T | ||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
|
gt |
dme-miR-10-3p | C | A | A | A | T | T | C | G | G | T | T | T | C | T | A | G | A | G | A | G | G | T | T | T | |
| eve | 5’(-4657)F | C | A | A | A | T | T | C | C | A | A | A | T | A | T | G | A | T | A | A | A | A | G | T | A | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-4054)R | G | A | A | A | T | T | C | G | A | G | C | G | G | G | C | A | A | T | A | A | A | C | T | C | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| eve | 5’(-2766)R | A | A | A | A | T | T | C | T | G | T | T | G | A | C | T | T | G | C | T | T | A | A | T | T | |
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(g): Relations between the miRNAs of gt and the 5’ upstream region of eve.
| gene | miRNA/5’region | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| eve | dme-miR-315 | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | G | T | T | G | C | T | C | A | G | A | A | A | G | C | |||
| gt | 5’(-4685)F | G | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | A | A | C | T | C | C | G | G | A | A | A | A | A | C | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||
| gt | 5’(-1674)F | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | A | C | A | T | T | T | C | A | G | C | G | T | A | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| gt | 5’(-946)F | C | T | T | T | G | A | T | A | T | G | C | G | A | A | A | T | G | T | T | C | T | A | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||||
| gt | 5’(-4419)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | G | A | A | C | T | G | T | C | A | A | C | G | T | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ||||||||||||||||
| gt | 5’(-3638)R | T | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | A | C | C | C | A | A | A | T | G | A | C | A | T | T | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||
| gt | 5’(-1330)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | C | A | T | G | A | C | G | C | C | G | C | C | A | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | |||||||||||||||||
| gt | 5’(-710)R | A | T | T | T | G | A | T | T | T | T | T | T | A | T | T | A | C | A | A | T | T | G | |||
| coincidence | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
5’(-xxxx)F/R: xxxx-start position in 5’ upstream, F-Forward strand, R-Reverse strand
Table 4(h): Relations between the miRNAs of eve and the 5’ upstream region of gt.
Relations between consensus sequences of individual miRNAs and random sequences
The relations between frequency probabilities of the consensus sequences described and random sequences of the same length were examined in the range from −1 to −5000 of the 5’ upstream region. Generally, the probability of the frequency of any specific n-nucleotide sequence for individual miRNAs is obtained as follows:
(1)
On the other hand, the probability of the consistency between the sequence of n random nucleotides and the sequence of the 5’ upstream region (−1 to −5000) of target genes is computed as follows:
(2)
Where the factor 2 accounts for the possibility of the consistent sequence being in either the forward or reverse strand.
Therefore, the ratio of the frequency of any specific n-nucleotide sequence for individual miRNAs to n random nucleotide frequency in the restricted 5’ upstream region (−1 to −5000) can be expressed using the ratio of Pn and Pnr as follows:
(3)
where rp is the number of same-length consensus sequences. R ≥1 Indicates that in the 5’ upstream range from −1 to −5000 the probability of the consistency of the miRNAs is higher than that of random nucleotide sequences of the same lengths. That is, consistencies between the sequence of some nucleotides in individual miRNAs and the sequence in the 5’ upstream regions of target genes are more frequent than are consistencies between random sequences and the sequence in the 5’ upstream regions. R<1, on the other hand, means that the probability of the consistency of the miRNAs is lower than that of random nucleotide sequences.
The relations between the miRNAs of bcd and hb and the 5’ upstream regions of hb and bcd are listed in Table 5a. In case of the miRNAs of bcd and the 5’ upstream region of hb, as there are four consistent six-nucleotide sequences for dme-miR-79 listed in Table 2a, R is computed as 1.64 by using equation (3). This indicates that the probability of consistency for the miRNAs is 1.64 times greater than it is for sequences with random nucleotide frequencies. For dme-miR-4, 286, 279, 996, 999, 315, 1000, 283, 989, 1017, individual Rs are also computed as listed in (Table 5a). Similarly, in case of the miRNAs of hb and the 5’ upstream region of bcd, the R values obtained as for dme-miR-989, 963, 927, 8, and 315 are respectively 1.1, 1.1, 0.55, 4.42, 2.2, 8.84 and 1.65 Table 5a. The sum of individual Rs for the relations between miRNAs of bcd/hb and 5’ upstream of hb/bcd are respectively 36.4 and 19.9 listed in Table 5a. These results therefore imply that the probabilities of consistencies for the miRNAs are greater than those of consistencies for sequences with random nucleotide frequencies.
| base gene/regulated gene | miRNA | length (nt) | rp | Pn | Pnr | R | Sum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| locus of 5’ | |||||||
| bcd /hb |
miR-79 | 6 | 4 | (1/4096)*4 | (1/4096)* (10000/4096) | 1.64 | 36.4 |
| -4333 | |||||||
| -3078 | 6 | ||||||
| -4326 | 6 | ||||||
| -3071 | 6 | ||||||
| miR-4 | 6 | 1 | Jan-96 | (1/4096)* 2(10000/4096) |
0.41 | ||
| -4284 | |||||||
| miR-286 | 6 | 1 | Jan-96 | (1/4096)* (10000/4096) |
0.41 | ||
| -1576 | |||||||
| miR-279 | 6 | 1 | Jan-96 | (1/4096)* (10000/4096) |
0.41 | ||
| -1577 | |||||||
| miR-996 | 6 | 1 | Jan-96 | (1/4096)* (10000/4096) |
0.41 | ||
| -1577 | |||||||
| miR-999 | 8 | 1 | 1/65536 | (1/65536)* (10000/65536) |
6.53 | ||
| -4308 | |||||||
| miR-315 | 7 | 2 | (1/16384)*2 | (1/16384)* (10000/16384) | 3.28 | ||
| -961 | 7 | ||||||
| -3577 | |||||||
| miR-1000 | 6 | 2 | (1/1024)*2 | (1/1024)* (10000/1024) | 0.82 | ||
| -4657 | |||||||
| -1192 | 6 | ||||||
| -296 | 7 | 2 | (1/16384)*2 | (1/16384)* (10000/16384) |
3.28 | ||
| -2533 | 7 | ||||||
| miR-283 | 6 | 3 | (1/4096)*3 | (1/4096)* (10000/4096) | 1.23 | ||
| -1019 | |||||||
| -2531 | 6 | ||||||
| -1767 | 6 | ||||||
| -1283 | 7 | 5 | (1/16384)*5 | (1/16384)* (10000/16384) | 8.2 | ||
| -1258 | 7 | ||||||
| -1917 | 7 | ||||||
| -1179 | 7 | ||||||
| -1092 | 7 | ||||||
| -1630 | 8 | 1 | 1/65536 | (1/65536)* (10000/65536) |
6.53 | ||
| miR-989 | 6 | 1 | Jan-96 | (1/4096)* (10000/4096) |
0.41 | ||
| -2869 | |||||||
| miR-1017 | 6 | 3 | (1/4096)*3 | (1/4096)* (10000/4096) | 1.23 | ||
| -4333 | |||||||
| -3078 | 6 | ||||||
| -4326 | 6 | ||||||
| -3070 | 7 | 1 | 1/16384 | (1/16384)* (10000/16384) |
1.64 | ||
| hb/bcd | miR-989 | 6 | 2 | (1/4096)*2 | (1/4096)* (3708*2/4096) | 1.1 | 19.9 |
| -3194 | |||||||
| -2445 | 6 | ||||||
| miR-963 | 6 | 2 | (1/4096)*2 | (1/4096)* (3708*2/4096) | 1.1 | ||
| -3005 | |||||||
| -2191 | 6 | ||||||
| miR-927 | 6 | 1 | Jan-96 | (1/4096)* | 0.55 | ||
| -989 | (3708*2/4096) | ||||||
| -487 | 7 | 2 | (1/16384)*2 | (1/16384)* (3708*2/16384) |
4.42 | ||
| -1646 | 7 | ||||||
| miR-8 | 7 | 1 | 1/16384 | (1/16384)* | 2.21 | ||
| -2925 | (3708*2/16384) | ||||||
| -3597 | 8 | 1 | 1/65536 | (1/65536)* | 8.84 | ||
| (3708*2/65536) | |||||||
| miR-315 | 6 | 3 | (1/4096)*3 | (1/4096)* (3708*2/4096) | 1.65 | ||
| -2698 | |||||||
| -3645 | 6 |
Note: The maximum of 5’ upstream region of bcd is -3708.
Table 5(a): Relations between the miRNAs of bcd/hb and the 5’ upstream region of hb/bcd
The relations between the miRNAs of bcd/eve, hb/eve, Kr/eve, and gt/eve and the 5’ upstream regions of eve/bcd, eve/hb, eve/Kr, and eve/gt are listed in Tables 5b. All these results also indicate that the probabilities of consistencies for the miRNAs are greater than those for same-length sequences with random nucleotide frequencies. This implies that miRNAs play regulatory roles in the 5’ upstream regions of genes.
As the proposed miRNA mediations between genes are based on the consistencies between individual miRNAs and 5’ upstream regions, it is necessary to confirm whether these miRNAs are expressed experimentally in the early embryonic development of D. melanogaster.
Conclusion
This paper analyzed the relations between the miRNA nucleotide sequences of bcd, hb, eve, Kr and gt and the sequences in the 5’ upstream regions of these genes. As a result, there were many consensus sequences between the sequences of individual miRNAs and the sequences in the 5’ upstream regions of these genes. Based on these results, the paper proposed that miRNA mediates inquiries and responses in regulatory interactions between genes. This paper also analyzed the relations between the frequency probabilities of miRNA consensus sequences and random sequences in the 5’ upstream region of the target genes and showed that the probabilities of consistencies between individual miRNAs and 5’ upstream regions are greater than those expected for same-length sequences with random nucleotide frequencies. These results thus imply that some miRNAs are closely related to the 5’ upstream regions of certain genes and play important roles in the regulation of gene expression during the embryonic development of D. melanogaster.
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Copyright: © 2013 Takasaki S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
