Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology

Metal Nanoparticles Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cholesterol

Sameena Mehtab^*, MGH Zaidi and Pragati Joshi Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S Nagar-263145, Uttarakhand, India
^*Correspondence: Sameena Mehtab, Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S Nagar-263145, Uttarakhand, India, Tel: +91-7055670603, Email:

Received: 24-Oct-2019 Published: 10-Jan-2020, DOI: 10.35248/2157-7439.19.11.540

Introduction

Monitoring of CHO in blood is very important to control health issues related to its abnormal levels. Electrochemical methods has received immense acceptance selectivity for CHL sensing, because of reasonable simplicity, low cost, a wide working range and high sensitivity. EBS is an analytical device integrating the specificity of biomolecules with electronics based physico-chemical transducer for conversion of a biochemical signal into quantifiable electrical signal. A conventional EBS mainly contains three electrodes a saturated Ag/AgCl electrode and a platinum wire served as reference and counter electrodes, respectively and glassy carbon electrode or metal plate electrode that serve as WE. It is required to focus on the chemical modifications of WE surface to improve its selective sensing for a target molecule. In the fabrication of EBS, cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) is most commonly used as the biosensing element that remain immobilized with different type of electroactive materials. Due to high conducting properties of MNP with different binders, they have been effectively immobilized with ChOx and used for surface modification of WE to sense CHO. To improve the EBS performance, MNP have been reported in various combinations with viz. conductive polymers, graphene, chitosan and graphene oxide carbon nanotubes etc., which endow high electrical conductivity, effective surface area, and fast electron-transfer rate. The EBS efficiency mainly depends on the modification of working electrode surface with different electro active coating materials. The morphology of the prepared WE were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties of the modified electrode at each stage of the construction were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The performance of electrodes towards detection and quantification of CHL are investigated through square wave voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry methods. In the present review we compiled various types of MNP based EBS for trace level CHO estimation.

MNP Based Cholesterol Biosensors

MNP have good electronic properties and thus explored in the fabrication of various biosensors [1]. Pt/Graphene and Pt/ CNT decorated electrodes were developed for amperometric measurement was used to detect CHO upto 0.5 nM [2,3]. The specific molecular recognition of CHO upto nanolevel by digitonin gold nanoparticles was reported [4]. Electrochemical-enzymatic sensor by selective enzyme immobilization on nano-sized carbon interdigitated electrodes decorated with gold nanoparticles claim CHO estimation with LOD 1.28 μM [5]. Pt-Bi combined with the organic enzyme platform, demonstrates effective μM biosensing of CHO [6]. Silver nanowires, graphene oxide film electrodes were formed and data reveals high sensitivity [7]. Excellent sensitivity of CHO was achieved from biosensor based on an enzyme-immobilized microtubular ZnO/ZnS heterostructure [8]. Electrochemical photoelectrochemical CHO biosensor based on graphene embedded titanium nanowires was also reported with remarkable sensitivity of 6 μM [9]. CHO biosensors based on graphene oxide and Pd nanostructure was successfully used for the analysis of total cholesterol in human serum and butter [10]. Nanocomposite of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles were employed for CHO ultra-quantification [11].

Conclusion

The current advances in electrochemical biosensors is characterized by an application-directed approach and leads to miniaturized biosensors by transforming working electrode surface. This article reviews electrochemical CHO biosensors and different methods proposed for their construction to overcome their limitations in selectivity and sensitivity.

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