Journal of Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis

Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Germ Cell Tumor

Marina Cavalcanto^* Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
^*Correspondence: Marina Cavalcanto, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France, Email:

Received: 25-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. JCM-22-18983; Editor assigned: 28-Nov-2022, Pre QC No. JCM-22-18983 (PQ); Reviewed: 12-Dec-2022, QC No. JCM-22-18983; Revised: 19-Dec-2022, Manuscript No. JCM-22-18983; Published: 26-Dec-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2157-2518.22.S35.005

Description

Primary tumor

Below is a list of both the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for germ cell cancers and Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) classification used by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The same staging approach is used for primary peritoneal and epithelial ovarian malignancies as it is for malignant germ cell tumours of the ovary.

Primary tumor TX classifications:

• Primary tumour cannot be evaluated in TX

• T0: No sign of a primary tumour is present.

• T1: Ovarian (either one or both) or fallopian tube-confined tumour

• T1a: One ovary with the capsule intact and a single fallopian tube with no tumour on the surface. Cytology from peritoneal washings or ascites is negative.

• T1b: Cytology from peritoneal washings or ascites is negative; tumour is limited to both ovaries, with capsules intact, or fallopian tubes; there is no tumour on the surface of the ovaries or fallopian tubes.

• T1c: A tumour with one or both fallopian tubes or both ovaries affected, along with any of the following: surgical spill (T1c1; IC1), burst capsule prior to surgery, tumour on the surface of the ovaries or fallopian tubes (T1c2; IC2), and the presence of cancerous cells in ascites or peritoneal washings (T1c3; IC3)

• T2: Pelvic extension below the pelvic brim and a tumour involving one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes.

• T2a: Implants or extension of the uterus, fallopian tube(s), or ovaries.

• Extension or implants on additional pelvic Tissue (T2b)

• T3: Tumor involving one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes, with microscopically verified peritoneal metastases external to the pelvis and/or metastasis to the retroperitoneal (pelvic and/or para-aortic) lymph nodes.

• T3a: Peritoneal involvement with or without positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes; microscopic peritoneal metastases over the pelvic border

• T3b: 2 cm in maximum dimension, macroscopic peritoneal metastases beyond the pelvis, with or without positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes

• T3c: Macroscopic peritoneal metastasis > 2 cm in maximum size outside of the pelvis, with or without metastasis to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

• Regional lymph nodes (N) NX: No way to evaluate regional lymph nodes

• N0: No localised metastases of lymph nodes

• N0(i+): Local lymph nodes with 0.2 mm of isolated tumour cells

• N1: Only retroperitoneal lymph nodes that are positive (histologically confirmed)

• N1a: Metastasis with a maximum size of 10 mm.

• N1b: Metastasis with a maximum size of 10 mm.

• Remote Metastasis (M)

• No distant metastases, or M0

• M1: Distant metastasis, including pleural effusion with positive cytology, liver or splenic parenchymal metastases, metastasis to extra-abdominal organs (including inguinal lymph nodes and lymph nodes outside the abdominal cavity), and transmural intestinal involvement.

• M1a: Pleural effusion with a cytolog that is positive

• Metastases to extra-abdominal organs, such as inguinal lymph nodes and lymph nodes beyond the abdominal cavity, liver or splenic parenchymal metastases, and intestinal transmural involvement are all examples of M1b.

• The 2003 World Health Organization histologic classification of ovarian tumours is changed for the classification of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours.

Earliest germ cell cancers

• Dysgerminoma

• Tumor in the yolk sac

• Embryonic cancer

• Polyembryoma

• Choriocarcinoma that is not pregnant

• Mixed germ cell tumour, list the constituent parts

• Teratomas that are biphasic or triphasic

• Developing teratoma

• An adult teratoma (benign)

• Mature teratomas linked to somatic malignancies, include monodermal teratomas,

• Group of thyroid tumours

• The cancer group

• Group of neuroectodermal tumours

• The cancer group

• Melanocytic population

• Sarcoma category

• Sebaceous tumour population

• Group of pituitary-type tumours

• Group of retinal anlage tumour