Journal of Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis

An Overview of Renal Cancer and it's Uses

Gordon Howarth^* Department of Gastroenterology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, South Australia, Australia, USA
^*Correspondence: Gordon Howarth, Department of Gastroenterology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, South Australia, Australia, USA, Email:

Received: 06-Dec-2021 Published: 27-Dec-2021

Description

Renal cancer often known as kidney cancer refers to a category of cancers that begin in the kidney. Blood in the urine, a bulge in the belly, or back pain are all possible symptoms. Fever, weight loss, and exhaustion are all possible side effects. It's possible that the cancer will move to the lungs or the brain.

The three most prevalent types of kidney cancer are Renal Cell Cancer (RCC), Transitional Cell Cancer (TCC), and Wilms tumour. RCC is responsible for around 80% of kidney cancers, while TCC is responsible for the majority of the rest. RCC and TCC are both caused by smoking, certain painkillers, prior bladder cancer, obesity, high blood pressure, certain chemicals, and a family history of the disease. Wilms tumour in the family, as well as specific genetic disorders like WAGR syndrome, are all risk factors. A diagnosis can be made based on symptoms, urine testing, and medical imaging.

Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy are all options for treatment. In 2018, roughly 403,300 persons were newly diagnosed with kidney cancer, resulting in 175,000 fatalities worldwide. After the age of 45, the symptoms frequently appear. The total five-year survival rate in the United States is 75%, compared to 71% in Canada, 70% in China, and 60% in Europe. The five-year survival rate for malignancies localised to the kidney is 93 percent, 70 percent if it has migrated to the adjacent lymph nodes, and 12 percent if it has disseminated widely. Kidney cancer is the 13th most prevalent type of cancer, accounting for 2% of all cancer cases and deaths worldwide.

Kidney tumours that are discovered early on usually do not produce any symptoms and are undetectable on physical examination. Blood in the urine, flank or back pain, and a tumour are all common symptoms of advanced kidney cancer. Weight loss, fever, night sweats, palpable swollen lymph nodes in the neck, non-reducing varicocele, bone pain, chronic cough, and bilateral lower leg swelling are all signs of severe disease.

Smoking, high blood pressure, obesity, defective genes, a family history of kidney cancer, dialysis-dependent renal illness, hepatitis C infection, and past treatment for testicular cancer or cervical cancer.

Tobacco use is responsible for roughly 25-30% of kidney cancer cases. In comparison to non-smokers, smokers have a 1.3-fold increased risk of kidney cancer. Furthermore, the risk of cancer development is dose-dependent. Men who smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day are twice as likely to develop lung cancer. Women who smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day are 1.5 times more likely than nonsmokers to develop lung cancer. The chance of acquiring kidney cancer is significantly reduced after ten years of not smoking.

Kidney masses are increasingly identified on medical imaging as a result of the increased use of ultrasonography and CT imaging for nonspecific abdominal ailments. Abdominal imaging for nonspecific abdominal discomfort is used to diagnose more than 60% of renal cell carcinoma the most common kind of kidney cancer.