Cardiovascular Pharmacology: Open Access

Epidemiology Associated Coronary Heart Disease

Downer Sarah^* Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
^*Correspondence: Downer Sarah, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Email:

Received: 04-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. CPO-22-19367; Editor assigned: 07-Nov-2022, Pre QC No. CPO-22-19367 (PQ); Reviewed: 21-Nov-2022, QC No. CPO-22-19367; Revised: 29-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. CPO-22-19367 (R); Published: 07-Dec-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2329-6607.22.11.320

Description

Coronary heart disease is known to be significantly influenced by environmental factors, particularly diet. Detailed nutritional epidemiology studies that concentrated on the function of one nutrient or food at a time revealed many of these factors. Here, we use data from the Nurses' Health Study to explore the relationship between 257 nutrients and 117 foods and the risk of coronary heart disease in a thorough and unbiased manner. While adjusting for potential confounding and control variables like physical activity, smoking, calorie intake, and medication use, we identify 16 food items and 37 nutrients that show statistically significant associations. Of these associations, 38 were confirmed in the Nurses' Health Study II.

Our use of the Environment-Wide Association Study successfully replicates earlier findings regarding the relationship between diet and coronary heart disease in the epidemiological literature. Additionally, it enables us to identify new associations that have only been sparingly investigated, providing opportunities for more thorough experimental validation. We also demonstrate how a bipartite food-nutrient network can be identified using the Environment-Wide Association Study, highlighting which foods are responsible for the associations between particular nutrients and the risk of coronary heart disease. Diet and eating habits have a big impact on the prevalence of heart disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. For example, a recent CDC report on heart disease death rates in the United States discovered significant regional variations consistent with different eating habits. Furthermore, while the incidence of coronary heart disease among people of Japanese descent is only 1.6 per person-year in Japan, it rises to 3.0 in Hawaii and 3.7 in San Francisco differences that cannot be attributed to genetic highlighting the important role that diet and other environmental factors play in the disease's development.

Conclusion

Epidemiological association studies, which analyses one or a small number of exposures in relation to a phenotype and represent a hypothesis-driven approach to understanding diet disease relationships, are where most of our knowledge about the impact of food on health comes from. Diet, on the other hand, is more than just the sum of various nutrients because each food product contains a variety of nutrients that are linked to numerous compounds that may or may not have nutritional value. Therefore, it is important to examine each dietary component's impact on human health in the context of other related chemical compounds and appropriate food sources rather than in isolation. While this result was concerning, a subsequent analysis of foods revealed that papaya consumption was responsible for the observed association rather than consumption of carrots, the main source of beta-carotene. As a result, the analysis of foods offered evidence against the impact of beta-carotene and offered the possibility that some elements unique to papaya may have contributed to the initial finding. Dietary pattern analysis is an alternative strategy that emphasizes the effects of the diet as a whole rather than just one or a few nutrients. Dietary pattern analyses are ideal for creating dietary recommendations, but they are insufficient for the agnostic discovery of new signals for additional experimental or mechanistic validation.