Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination

Discovering the Enhanced Immunogenicity of a Pandemic-Ready Monovalent Influenza Whole Virus Vaccine

Kenji Ozawa^* Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
^*Correspondence: Kenji Ozawa, Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico City, Mexico, Email:

Received: 16-Oct-2023, Manuscript No. JVV-23-23972; Editor assigned: 18-Oct-2023, Pre QC No. JVV-23-23972 (PQ); Reviewed: 01-Nov-2023, QC No. JVV-23-23972; Revised: 08-Nov-2023, Manuscript No. JVV-23-23972 (R); Published: 15-Nov-2023, DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.23.S24.004

About the Study

In the perpetual battle against influenza, the development of effective vaccines stands as a cornerstone for pandemic preparedness. This study goes into vaccine research, concentrating on the increased immunogenicity of a pandemicready monovalent influenza whole virus vaccine. Understanding the intricacies of the vaccine's design, its mechanisms of action, and the implications of heightened immunogenicity is major for bolstering global defenses against potential influenza pandemics.

Design and composition

The pandemic-ready monovalent influenza whole virus vaccine under scrutiny is meticulously crafted to provide targeted protection against a specific influenza strain. Unlike traditional trivalent or quadrivalent vaccines that cover multiple influenza strains, a monovalent vaccine is singularly modified to combat the strain posing the most imminent threat, making it a potent tool for pandemic response [1].

A key feature enhancing the vaccine's immunogenicity is the incorporation of an aluminum adjuvant. Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to stimulate a stronger and more durable immune response. Aluminum-based adjuvants, in particular, have a proven track record of enhancing vaccine efficacy by promoting the activation of immune cells and the release of signaling molecules, known as cytokines, which further amplify the immune response.

Mechanisms of enhanced immunogenicity

The aluminum-adjuvanted monovalent influenza whole virus vaccine triggers a multifaceted immune response. Upon administration, the aluminum adjuvant serves as a potent stimulator, activating the innate immune system. This initial response is crucial for the subsequent activation of adaptive immunity, which involves the production of specific antibodies and the development of immune memory.

The presence of the entire influenza virus in the vaccine formulation further intensifies the immune response. Unlike subunit or split vaccines that contain only specific components of the virus, a whole virus vaccine presents a more comprehensive array of viral antigens [2]. This broader antigenic exposure prompts the immune system to generate a diverse and robust response, fostering the production of a variety of antibodies capable of neutralizing the virus.

Implications for pandemic preparedness

The enhanced immunogenicity of this monovalent influenza vaccine holds significant implications for pandemic preparedness. In the context of an influenza pandemic, where rapid and targeted responses are imperative, a vaccine capable of eliciting a swift and potent immune reaction is of paramount importance.

The aluminum adjuvant not only heightens the immediate immune response but also contributes to the development of immune memory. This memory is significant for a rapid and effective defense upon subsequent exposure to the influenza virus [3-5]. In the dynamic landscape of influenza, where the virus can undergo genetic changes, having a vaccine that induces strong and enduring immunity is a valuable asset for long-term pandemic preparedness.

Global vaccination strategies

As the world struggles with the ongoing challenges posed by influenza, the deployment of vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity becomes a central strategy in global vaccination efforts. The pandemic-ready monovalent influenza whole virus vaccine, with its aluminum adjuvant, presents an innovative solution for targeted protection in the face of emerging threats.

Global vaccination strategies must encompass not only the production and distribution of these enhanced vaccines but also effective communication and education to encourage widespread acceptance and uptake [6]. Building public trust in the safety and efficacy of these advanced vaccines is essential for achieving high vaccination coverage and, consequently, substantial community immunity.

While the enhanced immunogenicity of the pandemic-ready monovalent influenza whole virus vaccine is a significant stride forward, ongoing research is crucial to refine and adapt vaccination strategies. The ever-evolving nature of influenza viruses necessitates a continuous reassessment of vaccine formulations to ensure they remain effective against emerging strains [7].

Moreover, research efforts should explore the applicability of similar strategies to other viral threats, contributing to a broader toolkit for pandemic preparedness. By investing in research and development, the scientific community can stay ahead of viral mutations and anticipate the need for updated and improved vaccines to address future challenges [8-10].

Conclusion

In conclusion, the enhanced immunogenicity observed in a pandemic-ready monovalent influenza whole virus vaccine, fortified by an aluminum adjuvant, marks a significant advancement in the field of vaccine development. This innovation holds a chance for bolstering global defenses against potential influenza pandemics by providing a targeted, swift, and enduring immune response. As the world navigates the complex landscape of infectious diseases, vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity emerge as crucial tools in the ongoing search for pandemic preparedness and public health resilience.

References

1. XOFLUZA (baloxavir marboxil)-Prescribing information. Genentech USA Inc. 2018.
2. Dobson J, Whitley RJ, Pocock S, Monto AS. Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. 2015;385(9979):1729-1737.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

3. Venkatesan S, Myles PR, Leonardi-Bee J, Muthuri SG, Al Masri M, Andrews N. Impact of outpatient neuraminidase inhibitor treatment in patients infected with Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 at high risk of hospitalization: An individual participant data metaanalysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(10):1328-1334.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

4. Hayden FG, Sugaya N, Hirotsu N, Lee N, Hurt AC, Watanabe A. Baloxavir marboxil for uncomplicated influenza in adults and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(10):913-923.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

5. Heneghan CJ, Onakpoya I, Jones MA, Doshi P, Hama R, Jefferson T. Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of regulatory and mortality data. Health Technol Assess. 2016;20(42):1-242.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

6. Doll MK, Winters N, Boikos C, Kraicer-Melamed H, Gore G, Quach C. Safety and effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza treatment, prophylaxis, and outbreak control: a systematic review of systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(11):2990-3007.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

7. Stewart RJ, Flannery B, Chung JR, Gaglani M, Reis M, Zimmerman RK. Influenza antiviral prescribing for outpatients with an acute respiratory illness and at high risk for influenza-associated complications during 5 influenza seasons-United States, 2011-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):1035-1041.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

8. Spagnuolo PJ, Zhang M, Xu Y, Han J, Liu S, Liu J. Effects of antiviral treatment on influenza-related complications over four influenza seasons: 2006-2010. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016;32(8):1399-1407.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

9. Wallick C, Wu N, To TM, Keebler D, Moawad D. Antiviral use is associated with a decrease in the rate of influenza-related complications, health care resource utilization, and costs. J Med Econ. 2021;24(1):386-393.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

10. Neuberger EE, To TM, Seetasith A, Arndorfer SM, Wallick CJ. Antiviral use and health care use among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and influenza in three influenza seasons, 2016‐2019. ACR Open Rheumatology. 2022;4(7):631-639.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]